Septic Tanks
What Is a Septic Tank?
In short the septic tank is an off mains drainage sewage system.
People need to install a septic tank if they live in the countryside, or they cannot connect to the mains drainage.
Septic tanks are not cesspools or cesspits. All septic tanks will have a soakaway or drainfield attached to them. Cesspools and cesspits do not have a soakaway or drain field attached to them.
How Are Septic Tanks Constructed?
Septic tanks have been around in the United Kingdom for hundreds of years. Their construction varies from place to place, but generally a hole is excavated by hand or by a digger, and then a large chamber is constructed by bricks and mortar. Many old wells have been converted into septic tanks. In most cases the septic tank is designed rectangular in shape, and the inside of the septic tank is lined with bitumen to make it water tight. Septic tanks can have a single chamber or two to three chambers inside the tank. The chambers serve to separate the solids (sludge) from the liquid sewage effluent.
Here is an example of a typical septic tank design.
Here is an example of old septic tank.
A concrete or brick ceiling or cover is put on top of the tank and will have a manhole and manhole cover built into it. Every septic tank will also a ventilation pipe built into it the cover, allowing air to circulate throughout the tank, allowing it to breathe.
For the last 15-20 years most septic tanks are constructed out of fibreglass.
They come in many different shapes and sizes.
The most common shape is the Klargester Onion Tank
And the Low Profile Septic Tank.
The size of septic tanks can vary in size, depending on the number of bedrooms attached to it.
For example the minimum septic tank for a property is a 2800 Litre septic tank. This will cater for a 1-2 bedroom property.
A property with 4 bedrooms or 8 persons would have to have a 3600 litre septic tank.
For a property with 9 bedrooms or 18 people then a 4600 litre septic tank is needed.
These figures are based on the figures given by the Environmental Agency and the UK Building Regulations.
How does a septic tank work?
All household waste that is discharged from a property such as from the toilet, bath, kitchen, shower e.t.c enters the septic tank.
A typical septic tank set up.
Today little has changed in regard to the function of a septic tank, and the materials that are discharged into it.
As stated before, most septic tanks have chambers built into them.
These chambers act to separate the solid human waste from the liquid.
Inside of a septic tank.
All the solids, sludge and other heavier particles enter into the first chamber, and overtime they settle onto the floor of the tank and all turn to sludge. It is this sludge that needs sucking out of the tank once every year by a tanker. If the tank is not desludged then the sludge will start to accumulate and make its way into the soakaway. The sludge will then block the soakaway up in a very short time. Once this happens then you will need a new soakaway installed.
In the old days, many people use to put a dead fox, badger or worms into the septic tank. The dead animals produced bacteria, which like the earth worms digested the solid waste inside the tank.
The term ‘septic tank’ refers to the anaerobic bacterial environment that exists inside a heathy septic tank. It is these bacteria that stop a septic tank from smelling!
Today, instead of worms and dead animals, septic tank bacteria cultures can be purchased, and are especially breed and designed to live and breed inside the septic tank.
These anaerobic bacterial which eat, live and breed in the main sludge compartment, eat away at the solids inside the septic tank and break them down.
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